Computer Data Storage Through the Ages -- From Punch Cards to Blu-Ray
Posted 03/02/09 at 11:30:00 AM by Paul Lilly
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Your next build may very well come configured with dual-SSD drives in a RAID 0 array for the OS, a gluttonous 2TB SATA HDD for storage duties, and a Blu-ray optical drive for movie watching and HD backups. And for quick transfers from one rig to another, does it get any sweeter than a 64GB USB thumb drive loaded with all of your favorite apps? Such a storage scheme is certainly worthy of dream machine status, but our storage options weren't always as fanciful, fast, and fat as they are today. Some of you may remember toting a 3.5-inch floppy to and from school, while others hearken all the way back to cassette tapes. And if you've lived long enough to remember the IBM Punch Card first hand, just ask and we'll SPEAK LOUDER.
Fasten your seatbelt and take a trip back in time with us as we follow the evolution of computer storage from its earliest days, all the way up to now.
IBM Punch Card
Data storage no longer grows on trees, but that hasn't always been the case. We have to set our DeLorean for the 18th century to witness the birth of punch cards, which consisted of hard card stock with punched holes to represent data. In 1881, Herman Hollerith, who would later form IBM, designed a paper punch machine to tabulate census date. It had taken the U.S. Census Bureau eight years to complete the 1880 census, but thanks to Hollerith's invention, that time was reduced to just one year. The format really came into its own as a data processing technology in the 1900s, and by 1937, IBM was churning out up to 10 million punch cards each day. The paper-based storage medium remained prominent up until the 1970s before giving way to magnetic tape.
(Image Credit: IBM)
Approximate Years in Use: 1725 - 1975
Maximum Capacity: 960 bits
Paper Tape
Similar to punch cards, paper tape contained patterns of holes to represent recorded data. But unlike its rigid counterpart, rolls of paper tape could feed much more data in one continuous stream, and it was incredibly cheap to boot. The same couldn't be said for the hardware involved. In 1966, HP introduced the 2753A Tape Punch, which boasted a blistering fast tape pinch speed of 120 characters per second and sold for $4,150. Yikes!
(Image Credit: chss.montclair.edu)
Approximate Years in Use: 1846 - 1990s
Maximum Capacity: Up to a few dozen kilobytes before becoming impractical
IBM Magnetic Tape
Elvis Presley, Buddy Holly, and magnetic tape all rose to prominence in the 1950s, and it was the latter that helped shape the recording industry. Magnetic tape also changed the computing landscape by making long-term storage of vasts amount of data possible. A single reel of the oxide coated half-inch tape could store as much information as 10,000 punch cards, and most commonly came in lengths measuring anywhere from 2400 to 4800 feet. The long length presented plenty of opportunities for tears and breaks, so in 1952, IBM devised bulky floor standing drives that made use of vacuum columns to buffer the nickel-plated bronze tape. This helped prevent the media from ripping as it sped and up and slowed down.
(Image Credit: ModernMechanix.com)
Approximate Years in Use: 1951 - Present
Maximum Capacity: About 1TB
Audio Cassette Tape
Long before flash-based MP3 players and CDs ever existed, music buffs carried around their groovy tunes on compact cassette tapes. It was Philips who introduced the medium first to Europe in 1963 and then to the U.S. one year later initially as a means for portable dictation. Not until the audio quality of music players improved did cassettes become popular for listening to music, ushering in the era of boom boxes and parachute pants (thanks M.C. Hammer). But even before D.J. Jazzy Jeff and the Fresh Prince could be heard belting out "Parents Just Don't Understand," cassettes also scored a gig as an inexpensive storage medium for home PCs starting in the 1970s. A standard 90-minute cassette could store roughly 700KB of data per side, taking center stage on computers like the ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, TRS-80, and others.
Approximate Years in Use: Early 1970s - late 1980s
Maximum Capacity: 1400KB
I'm loving all the nostalgia!
Submitted by linux_dork on Fri, 05/01/2009 - 9:43am
All of these nostalgia articles are TOP notch! Definitely keep them coming!*Meeeemmmmories!*
Submitted by rmorr95295 on Mon, 03/09/2009 - 11:21am
And BetaMax? After all, cassette tapes (!!) were mentioned.
I worked for a company (Alpha Microsystems) that, for years, produced hardware that would copy data to video tape formats, using a standard analog video signal. Because the data was a video signal, any video format -- at the time, VHS or Beta -- could be used, and your backup drive was a standard VCR. The main disadvantages -- capacity (100-200Mb/cassette) and bandwidth (2.5 hours to back up 200 Mb) were not disadvantages at the time (early 80's), and were far outweighed by the low cost (+/- $200 for the "drive", and $5 or so for the "media") and reliability.
Submitted by Kritikos on Sun, 03/08/2009 - 9:20am
Thanks for the article, but have alook at this Wikipedia site http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_core_memory . I know Ladys wich "knittet" them in the Factory (Siemens) by Hand
Submitted by Old Graybeard John on Sat, 03/07/2009 - 3:29am
Back in the 1970s our neighbor's company was replacing their "IBM card" system with magnetic tape.
They gave us boxes of IBM cards. They burn extremely well, and were excellent tinder for starting fires in our fireplace or while camping.
I'm old enough to remember when the job that trade schools advertised on matchbooks/TV etc was "keypunch operator."
And I'm only 48.
Submitted by judithh on Fri, 03/06/2009 - 6:08pm
I am aware of at least one company still using a punched card system for billing in Feb. 2009. Some technology os more durable than others,
Submitted by sophistem on Fri, 03/06/2009 - 2:55pm
Totally left out Bubble Memory. It's just as unique as any of the other major memory storage techniques. It was set to SAVE THE WORLD, but then super magneto resistance drives and the cheap densities won the day. I still have a laptop that uses it.
InPhase Tapestry Drives
Submitted by Ubik on Fri, 03/06/2009 - 1:39pm
You also neglected to mention the holographic disc drives with a base capacity of 300GB. They are supposed to be going up to 1.6TB per disc, but have been slow to be adopted and developed.
Submitted by anonuser on Fri, 03/06/2009 - 12:51pm
MC Hammer wore "Hammer Pants". If you want to thank someone for Parachute pants, you should thank the break dancers of the early 80s, not MC Hammer and his "Hammer Pants" of the early 90s (assuming Hammer Don't Hurt Em is the beginning of MC Hammer's mainstream popularity, and thus ignoring his earlier work in the late 80s). As a child of the 80s, I am deeply disturbed by this article's "error".
MC Hammer is now a preacher
Submitted by Keith E. Whisman on Sun, 03/08/2009 - 7:31am
MC Hammer is now a preacher with his own congregation. If you want to meet him and talk to him look up his congregation and visit his church. He is a pretty good preacher.
Besides MC Hammer who is an actual success at preaching the word of God I've seen some has beens try it like Mr. T that flopped and alos DeBoe that also flopped and Kurt Russel that didn't even finish his sermon when he quit.
My advice to actors and singers is to not end up like MC Hammer and PAY YOUR TAXES.
Submitted by anonuser on Fri, 03/06/2009 - 11:27am
Excellent article, but you left out the fatal flaw in the story of hte Zip disks: the click of death.
Although they were popular, just about every owner of a Zip disk that I ever knew experienced it. It killed your drive and destroyed your data.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Click_of_death
There are a few holes in this article
Submitted by SAS Rover on Fri, 03/06/2009 - 10:02am
This article is interesting (and nostalgic) to read, but it is definitely not a definitive or accurate list.
As well as the Hollerith (80 column) card, there was it's replacement that didn't catch on many places, a smaller card with 100 columns but about 2" narrower. Also, many, many places used the Hollerith card beyond 1975 (as stated on the site) into the 80's.
Magnetic tape did not get it's due recognition and that as well as the Hollerith card, it predated the digital computer. Fritz Pfleumer invented the magnetic tape in 1928 in Germany. BASF was the first commercial manufacturer of magnetic tape. In 1951 Univac made use of magnetic tape, a year before IBM did. There were some interesting uses of mag tape over the years. I remember very well the 8" & 16" tape reels using 3/4" tape maintained by human tape librarians and later the "tape farms" with robotic librarians with 2" wide spools of tape on small spindles in a "honeycomb" system.
The author did not address hard drives. IBM introduced the first disc drive in 1956. I remember removable single disc hard drives in mid range machines like DEC's, HP's and IBM 1200's, as well as, the external multi plater hard drives on the IBM 360, 370 and 3090 mainframes.
Does anyone remember the Bernoulli drives of the 80s before Zip and Jaz drives? At that time we thought that was a gigantic amount of removable data storage.
SAS Rover
Chattanooga TN
Submitted by tortoiseandhare on Fri, 03/06/2009 - 8:03am
One device I haven't seen mentioned is the NCR CRAM drive. CRAM stood for Card Random Access Memory. The device was similar in size to an old mainframe tape drive, but instead of a spool of tape, the data was stored on a deck of 255 magnetic cards, each about 3" wide and 14" long. Each card in the deck had a series of notches on one end that was unique, and the entire deck would hang from a series of 8 half-moon shaped rods. The rods were mechanically manipulated so that just one of the 255 cards at a time would drop from the deck, go down a chute and position itself on a spinning drum, where it could be written or read. The card would remain on the drum until a gate was programatically opened, at which time the card would whoosh up the exit chute and around to the top of the deck, where it would rejoin the others. As you can imagine, there was a lot of air and noise involved when these were in operation. Each deck was held in a cartridge that compressed them together and enabled the deck to be easily hung on the rods. The cartridge could then be released and lifted away, allowing the airflow to spread the cards out so that they didn't stick to each other. A glass rod could be used to shake them up if necessary.
I operated a NCR 315 in the mid 60's with two of these devices, and occasionally two cards would drop at once, creating a terrible squeal when they both hit the drum. This would require a shutdown and extraction of the damaged cards, sometimes with needlenosed pliers. The damaged cards were replaced by notching blank cards with a hand held punch and replacing into the deck. If they had data on them, the card would be restored from like card in a backup deck. If there was no backup, well, too bad. When the company later converted to an IBM 360 mainframe, the only medium the two machines had in common was punched paper tape. We did a lot of punching and spooling during the conversion.
Google NCR CRAM for more information on these monsters.
Been Der Done Dat
Submitted by PeteCal on Fri, 03/06/2009 - 7:08am
How about drum memory? A rolling drum with a magnetic head for each track. If your computer used 12 bit words, you had 12 heads to store and retrieve words in parallel. A lot faster than serial tapes.
Also, I built a LSI-11 based computer using an audio cassette tape drive from a car. Normally the max data rate would be 300 baud or so but I discovered the motor drive used only a few volts. I upped it to close to 12 volts so the tape ran a lot faster. Then I could record at 9600 baud.
And my Atari used 5 inch floppys.
PeteCal
Memories
Submitted by wk on Fri, 03/06/2009 - 12:10am
Really great article, it remind me of many sweet memories;
my first computer: Zx spectrum using cassette recorder (waiting for 10 minutes loading, hold your breath and then TAPE LOADING ERROR)
then came Atari ST and Amiga using 3.5" flobby disks (loading 4 disks to run single application).
Funny thing is this article disclose person age!!
MPC is my home page
Submitted by Dave-O on Thu, 03/05/2009 - 8:09pm
A few that were left out:
Diablo Disk - 1.6MB fixed, 1.6MB removable. 10" hard aluminum media.
CDC Hawk disk drives. 5 MB fixed, 5 MB removable. 10" Aluminum media.
IBM/CDC and other multi-disk washing-machine style disks. 25 to 500 MB 10" aluminum media.
Fujitsu Eagle-style 8" winchester disks.
IPI 5" hard drives from CDC in 250 MB.
And others I can't remember either.
One that stands out is the VRC drum memory. Gotta love a storage device that thakes 30 minutes to spin down after the power is turned off.
-Dave-O
Submitted by TheBrez on Fri, 03/06/2009 - 5:32am
Before the introduction of the LS-120 there was also the Floptical. Roughly 20MB capacity on a 3.5" disk. SGI used them in the Indy and Indigo2 models and they were also available for PCs.
Submitted by jtgd on Thu, 03/05/2009 - 6:06pm
How could they forget DDS (DAT) tapes? I had one when they were just 2GB back in the late 90's, and I believe they are still in use today.
Oh the memorex...I mean memories!
Submitted by Paul Braden on Thu, 03/05/2009 - 4:12pm
Wow...this is a great article. It brings back so many good memories. Please print more articles like this!
Submitted by bobjr94 on Thu, 03/05/2009 - 2:05pm
The problem with these kids now a days and there fancy dvd's and blu rays is they are not durable at all and they are to big.You cant hardly put a cd,dvd, blu ray,etc... in your pocket, maybe a coat pocket, but its not really very convent. Then they are very easily scratched, cds still kind of play with scratches, dvds are more picky and I have had blu rays that skip or get stuck and I can not even see the scratchs. I remember the old game cartrages, for nintendo or sega, they can sit on the floor for years, get stepped on, pop stilled on them, carry them in your pocket for a month and they still work. Hopefully with in a few years we move to all solid state storage. So when you goto the store and buy an album or movie, it will come in a flash card or drive of some type. No moving parts to break or wear out either on your media player.
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Submitted by dc10ten on Thu, 03/05/2009 - 2:14pm
why would you want to carry those around for? There are definatly portable storage solutions out there, DVD and BluRay certainly weren't geared towards that.
Submitted by jfcarpenter on Thu, 03/05/2009 - 1:39pm
The IBM magnetic tape, in the reel format as shown in the picture, actually only had a capacity of 170 megabytes, at 6250 BPI and a length of 2400 feet. I don't know where the 1 terabyte number came from but it doesn't apply to the standard 9-track reel tape.
Submitted by Diodeus on Thu, 03/05/2009 - 1:00pm
"Your next build may very well come configured with dual-SSD drives in a RAID 0 array for the OS"
SSD = Solid State Drive
SSD Drive = Solid State Drive Drive?
Submitted by radish on Thu, 03/05/2009 - 1:00pm
If a punch card holds 960 bits (or 120 bytes), and a reel of IBM magnetic tape holds the equivalent of 10,000 punch cards, how is the capacity of IBM magnetic tape 1TB? My math says 1,200,000 bytes, or just over 1 MB.
Submitted by shadowspawn on Thu, 03/05/2009 - 12:27pm
Besides missing the drums (and yes, I remember those huge things with ol blue and gray), you missed SyQuest cartridge drives. These drives were similar to Zip's in theory, however they were simply cartridge-based hard platters and not floppy.
They were very very popular in the garment industry, and graphics industry. Instead of moving a file over the (shudder) 1/base-t network, you could transfer data from computer to computer quite easily. Wiki SyQuest. I still have some of the platters laying around too.
Submitted by WillKemp on Thu, 03/05/2009 - 12:03pm
Interesting article. But you missed out magnetic drums and hard disk cartridges. Drums weren't all that common, but i worked as a programmer on a machine based around a drum. We booted it using paper tape and punched cards.
Minicomputers and some mainframes used hard disk cartridges. The ones that come to mind are the ones with a single platter that were used on Digital Equipment Corp's PDP-11s and were front-loaded. Also multi-platter ones that were used on the IBM 370 (i think, maybe it was the Vax though) where i worked in the early 80s. They were top-loaders that had a removable cover.
Submitted by dnotarnicola on Thu, 03/05/2009 - 11:23am
The Bernoulli box was Iomega's first storage prduct and a mainstay of early Mac desktop publishing workstations. Released in 1983, these were 5.25 inch scsi drives that initally held ~20MB. They were pretty reliable (more so than the later Syqest cartridges.) These were replaced by zip drives until 'click of death' issues drove us to use external scsi drives for storage instead.
I also rember buying Elephant Memory Systems brand floppies for use in my Atari 800 because they were cheap, reliable and made good "flippies"
Submitted by Asterixx on Wed, 03/04/2009 - 6:22am
Nunc est bibendum!
Excellent article. I love stuff like this. I think you killed the 5.25" floppy a bit early though (in use up to 1982). We still used 'em on Mac IIE's and 8086's in high school in 1990. And the 8086's were brand new at the time. A pack of 10 5.25" floppies was a requirement for that course. Our computer science teacher actually taught us that bit about punching a hole in the floppy so it could be flipped over. Spent the whole year learning Turbo Pascal. There was a year wasted...
Next up I'd like to see a history of internal storage, describing some of the different HDD formfactors (physical size, capacity, and interface such as Winchester, SCSI, IDE, etc)...
I agree, I remember using
Submitted by quickone on Sun, 03/08/2009 - 1:07pm
I agree, I remember using 5.25 in the early 90's. Playing Oregon Train
on a green screen in computer class back in elementary school. My
nephew is 10 and does not even know what a floppy is. Some how that
storage held on for WAY to long, thank god for flash drives. Burning a
CD was never practical for moving pictures or music. My 1st MP3 I had
to use a file splitter to put it on a couple floppys to give to a
friend.
Submitted by whpcguru on Mon, 03/02/2009 - 9:35pm
I work in the manufacturing field. NC and CNC machine control systems from the late 60's to the late 80's had their programs stored on one inch wide mylar tape. It was perforated in a pattern as data. A light, either an incandescant lamp or an infrared LED shone through the tape. The capacity was paltry at about 20 bytes or so per foot. A small 15MB program could easilly fill 5 to 6 standard reels. They were a nightmare to load, especially as the machines aged. They had a drive sprocket in the reader that did most of the work of feeding the tape. There were also slack take up arms that would hold a certain ammount of tape slack to feed the reader at a constant rate beacuse the winding motors were inconsistant. Some of the machines did have genuine hard drives in them. Except these we 40 pound monsters with a single 14 inch platter and a motor bigger than what you'll find in your kids "Powerwheels"! They had a whopping, state of the art (for 1980) 20Mb's of storage. They measured nearly 2 feet by three feet and were often times the largest piece of technology in those machine. Surprisingly they used the SCSI standard interface.
Submitted by Keith E. Whisman on Tue, 03/03/2009 - 9:40am
I had a HDD in the mid 1980's that was 5.25" and took up two drive slots it was double heigth. And it was 10MB's. That was installed into a 8086 based computer.
Submitted by jtgd on Thu, 03/05/2009 - 6:01pm
No, you had a full height 5.25" drive. The common size you see today (i.e. DVD/CD-ROM drives) are called "half-height".
Submitted by Keith E. Whisman on Sun, 03/08/2009 - 7:12am
Your right.. I stand corrected. I do remember the now unused term half height. There is literally like 2 or 3 products out there that is full height right now and 2 of them are water reservoirs for water cooling rigs.
Submitted by Keith E. Whisman on Mon, 03/02/2009 - 7:44am
When I was a weatherman in the Army we had to print out a roll of tape on the Teletype machine for backup purposes. That was back in the early 1990's. I remember the paper we used felt dried out an really old. But the teletype machine worked and we had to use it for every mission.
I was a computer science
Submitted by Cabal468 on Mon, 03/02/2009 - 7:29am
I was a computer science major my 1st year of college in 1985 and I remember saving my FORTRAN work on punch cards...those were a pain.
Submitted by Shckr57 on Mon, 03/02/2009 - 7:17am
what about esata flash drives, scsci hdd, harddrives in general, ide \ sata
Submitted by dc10ten on Mon, 03/02/2009 - 3:48pm
i dont think they wanted to quite touch on connections, but rather the medium.
This article kicks ass!
Submitted by pcwizmtl on Mon, 03/02/2009 - 6:31am
This article kicks ass!
Submitted by jeffhex on Mon, 03/02/2009 - 6:16am
That was a nice trip down memory lane (pun intended). I actually had a Pinnacle Magento-Optical drive, though I never used it (so... do I get the 100 geek cred points or not?). And I still have an old SCSI single-speed CD-ROM drive (and I think it still works!). I also have a bunch (like 10+) Zip 100MB drives around here somewhere... SCS, IDE, and even a few of the Zip Plus dirves that could connect through parallel or SCSI at the flip of a switch.
Some formats that were not mentioned:
Syquest Drives (like the Jaz drive, a removable hard drive. Originally 5.25" form factor)
DAT (Digital Audio Tape) used for backup
VXA-1 Drives (used for backup)
Laserdisc drives (the old video format), miniDV video (also used as backup media, with certain systems)
DLT, LTO, AIT tape drives
Oh, and does anyone else remember taking scissors or a hole-punch to your old single-sided floppies, cutting a notch in it across from the write-protect hole so you could use the back side? I remember doing this on floppies for my Apple //e.
Submitted by Keith E. Whisman on Mon, 03/02/2009 - 7:41am
Damn good memory... The teachers had us doing that in class cutting the hole on the backside of the disk. Man that was a while ago.
Submitted by canbbb on Mon, 03/02/2009 - 7:26am
I still have the Apple //e in a closet somewhere. And yes, my friends and I used to punch holes on the other side of the floppy to double its capacity. Thanks for reminding me of that one :-)
Submitted by kkern on Mon, 03/02/2009 - 5:08am
... I believe there was a short-lived upgrade to the 3.5" HD floppy called ED (extended? density) which doubled the capacity to 2.88MB (I bought a drive on a system I built, but never found disks). Too bad ED didn't take off ... it would have taken my stack of Microsoft Office 95 installation floppies from 35 to about 18. And I wouldn't have had to worry about floppy number 25 going bad and crapping out the install. Ahh, the memories!
Submitted by Keith E. Whisman on Mon, 03/02/2009 - 6:47am
Hey I remember the very last innovation to come to the 3.5" Floppy and that was the death as it didn't gain any market share. Nobody used it.. The LS120 SuperFloppy. It was a 3.5" Floppy that looked alot like a regular floppy disk only it had a 120MB capacity. At about the same time a company released a bunch of USB keys that were large and had a capacity of about 10MB and were shaped like a round disk. What a waste. I was hoping I could find someone that bought some of these so I could slap him/her but alas nobody in the world ever bought a set of USB floppies.
Submitted by strykyr on Mon, 03/02/2009 - 2:23am
Lol I have a 2 gig Jaz drive and the original SCSI card that it came with...can't find vista drivers for the card. I only have a single 1 gig disk for it tho. It all still works...not much use for it except backing up my FTP server.
Submitted by Keith E. Whisman on Mon, 03/02/2009 - 6:49am
Yeah I remember the cassette tape drives. I had one for my Atari 800 Home computer system. I remember my mom and dad using the punch cards at the ATM machines that used to be called Ugly Teller Machines. You put your punch card into the slot in the Ugly Teller and you could access your checking account. Awesome technology that was quickly out moded by the magnetic strips newly placed on ATM cards. I also Remember my teachers in Ellementary school showed us their time cards that you guessed it, Punch Cards. Heck in alot of communities like here in Phoenix the Punch cards were used through out government until the late 1970's. Computers really started to get cheap and small around 1978 and that pretty much killed the punch cards because even the most frugal agencies could afford to move up to 20th Century technology. But you know there is something nastalgic about punch cards. It was the technology of the Original Star Trek Series as well as large magnetic tape drives.
Thanks for bringing up this subject. I can remind my dad how old he is just like your reminding me how old I am.
Submitted by whispernaut on Sun, 03/01/2009 - 11:50pm
I miss Zip disks/drives. For whatever reason Zip disks always felt indestructable. Perhaps because they were reminiscent of Gameboy cartridges?
Submitted by Keith E. Whisman on Mon, 03/02/2009 - 8:01am
I was a truck driver back in 2001 and I had a load of Zip 100 disks. They were in a 10 disk value packs. The warehouse loaded them on my trailer wrong and I told them they would not ride that way. They were packaged wrong and loaded onto the trailer wrong. They refused to fix the packaging and load them properly onto my trailer. Anyhow in my 2600mile trip accross the country the clear plastic 10disk value packs rubbed against each other and that clear plastic turned into a powder. Just disintegrated. That was a $1million dollar load and only 1 pallet of disks survived by some stroke of fate. All the rest were destroyed. The disks were fine but the packaging was destroyed. So I had about 5-6thousand Zip100 disks that my insurance paid for. I had a zip drive with three disks and I didn't even use those. I think I finally left them in a trash dumpster at a warehouse. I couldn't give them away. Hard drives were getting large and CD-R could hold 700MB of data and they were cheaper, Alot cheaper.
Just thought I would share that story..
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