Performance Testing for the Common Man: Fast, Easy Benchmarks You Can Run Right Now
Storage
Unless you're doing a lot of comparative tests of hard drives or SSDs, you probably won't be running drive benchmarks often. They're not that useful as diagnostic tools, either. Drive failures are sudden enough that running a benchmark might just push it over the edge if it's ready to fail.
Benchmarks can be useful in helping you decide when it's time to de-clutter your SSD. As SSDs get close to being full, performance may radically fall off. If the result of a storage benchmark is much slower than your baseline test—20% slower or more—it's time to clean the crud off your drive.
Given that you're not going to run disk benchmarks frequently, a free benchmark sounds like a good idea. The problem: most free storage benchmarks aren't all that robust. One popular test, CrystalDiskMark, is a synthetic test, but has been updated to work more effectively with SSDs and will even run on the Windows 8 developer preview.

This test is often run at trade shows by hard drive and SSD manufacturers.
Graphics & Game Benchmarks
There are more graphics benchmarks than you can shake a stick at, and many of them are free. Most of these have only marginal utility, because they don't always tell you how well your system might behave in an actual game. What is cool is that a benchmark, like the various versions of 3DMark, make it easy for you to compare your system with thousands of other systems, since they give you the option of collecting data online.
Benchmarks like 3DMark and Unigine Heaven are designed to completely thrash your graphics card. It's like the difference between putting your car on a dynamometer to get a theoretical idea of how well your car can perform and actually running it on a road course.

The free, basic version of 3DMark only gives you a score.

Heaven is similar in some ways to 3DMark, but based on an actual game engine.
On the other hand, no one game benchmark is perfect. They can only give you a rough idea of how well your system might do in a particular game or genre. So you really need to run game tests that reflect your tastes in gaming. Running first person shooter benchmarks won't help you determine how your system might run a real time strategy game, for example.
The other problem with game benchmarks is more subtle. Running one or two tests and looking at average frame rates doesn't always give you a good feel for how a game might play, as The Tech Report discovered. Game benchmarks that generate average frame rate results are useful for comparing different cards, but if you want to really dive in and see how a game runs, you may need to actually run that particular game.
The other problem is that most games don't have in-game benchmarks. Those that do are often simplistic, running a pre-collected bunch of frames and giving you an average frame rate. One step up is when the game test shows you minimum, maximum, and average frame rates. The best game benchmarks give you both a front end to launch the benchmark and graphical results. One example is the benchmark applet that ships with Metro 2033.

I wish every game shipped with a benchmark launcher like this.

The results screen for Metro 2033 gives you lots of information on the run.
The real issue, though, for the casual benchmarker, is that you often have to own the game to run the benchmark. If all you want to do is run a few tests to get a rough idea of how your system might perform, dropping $50 on a game just to run performance tests seems a little extreme—especially when you consider the technology in games varies considerably from one title to the next.
There are free, standalone game benchmarks available, however. Here are several good ones.
- S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Call of Pripyat. This is one of the early DX11 game benchmarks. Offers a nice launcher applet, too.

The Call of Pripyat test ships with a nice launcher and lets you easily tweak settings before you run it.
- Aliens vs. Predator. Another DX11 benchmark. Requires you to edit separate batch and config files to run.
- Dawn of War II. The demo for the original Dawn of War II is available on Steam. It has a built-in DX10 benchmark that's very CPU intensive, but does scale somewhat with graphics cards.
- Battle Forge. BattleForge features a short, built-in benchmark. You need to download the game client, install it, and then download and install the high resolution pack if you want to run the benchmark in full DX11 mode.
We can't finish our discussion on game benchmarking without talking about Fraps. Fraps is a tool that lets you benchmark any game. You run Fraps, set up recording parameters, then play the game. The problem with Fraps is that you often need to run through the game a number of times to get a repeatable result. But it's a useful tool if you've got the patience.
Applications Benchmark
If you want to see how your system runs a particular application, you'll need to run that application. Many are available as demos, so you can often download them and see how well they run. The downside is that quite a few lack built-in benchmarks.
User communities are often helpful. If you're running a professional graphics application or high end image editing tool, user communities often have links to application tests you can run. Bear in mind that many of these take some work to run.
You can find a few benchmarks specifically designed for certain professional applications. SPEC, the Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation, offers a number of benchmarks for high end applications like 3DSMax, Solidworks, and Lightwave, but they all assume you actually have the application, and just supply scripts and data files. SPEC ViewPerf is an exception, and can demonstrate how your GPU and system might run a set of these pro apps, but the scenarios are a little artificial.
Also, Cinebench can test how your CPU and GPU work with Maxon's Cinema4D, but will also give you a clue as to how your system might perform with software 3D rendering in general.
The bottom line is that application benchmarks are complex and difficult, but the only way to test how your system might run an application critical to your work.
Final Thoughts
If you're not constantly comparing hardware, then benchmarks aren't something you'll run often. But there's a wealth of tools available to test the performance of your system. They're useful diagnostic tools, can help you hit a stable overclock and tell you when your system performance has deteriorated beyond acceptable parameters. Best of all, many of them are free as well as useful.