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IBM OS/360 to Windows 3.1: Software that Changed Computing Forever

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DOS 3.0

Circa: 1984

DOS 3.0 added support for the new High Density 5.25” floppy disks introduced with the IBM PC/AT while further tweaking much of the underlying functionality.

Later releases included version 3.2 which supported the 3.5” floppies as they were starting to become popular and version 3.31 which finally supported hard drives larger than 32MB.

Application Spotlight: MacPaint

Circa: 1984

While there were other earlier paint programs for PCs prior to MacPaint there were none quite as popular, memorable or symbolic of their era.

Perhaps because the application was often used by Apple as a screenshot in their advertisements (who can forget the early Mac saying “hello” to the world from the page of a magazine) MacPaint helped represent the ease of use and creativity that Apple wanted to brand into their computers.

Game Spotlight: The Ancient Art of War

Circa: 1984

Broderbund Software’s introduction of The Ancient Art of War set the Real Time Strategy game loose on the gaming community, rendering it inert with addiction.

The game, in which units of various types of troops engaged in campaigns for supremacy had most of the elements of modern RTS games. Troop types had various strengths and weaknesses and the outcomes of battles hinged on the effectiveness of a given force which, in turn, was impacted by a variety of factors such as hunger and morale.

The popularity of The Ancient Art of War led to numerous other RTS games including Dune II, which defined currently familiar game-play.

Modern RTS games such as Company of Heroes, Warcraft, Starcraft and Command and Conquer are all descended from this lineage.

MacOS 1.0

Circa: 1984

MacOS was Apple’s interpretation of the Graphical User Interface for the masses. Apple’s previous GUI for the Lisa had most of the same elements (and, in some cases more) but was tied to a far more expensive platform and, thus, enjoyed far less success.

MacOS has undergone a substantial evolution from its 1984 roots to the modern OS X versions. System 1.0 was fairly slow mainly due to floppy-only access and the relatively underpowered 128K Macintosh it was introduced with. It did, however, represent a true mouse-driven, bitmapped GUI for a reasonable price.

Borrowing heavily from their own Lisa OS which borrowed, in turn, from the Xerox Alto the Macintosh OS mainstreamed the GUI and reset expectations for how a personal computer should work.

AmigaOS

Circa: 1985

The Commodore Amiga, introduced in 1985 after a tumultuous development process, came to market with one of the most advanced operating systems of the day.

While the early Macintosh systems were black and white and single-tasking and Windows 1 was barely out the door Commodore had a multi-tasking, multi-windowed color GUI that took full advantage of the power of the Motorola 68000 chip as well as the various specialized controllers in the Amiga chipset.

The AmigaOS user metaphor was a bit different - being styled after a workbench rather than a desktop with drawers instead of folders - but it was functional and became very popular with large base of users many of whom still swear by it today.
The Amiga died in 1994 with the bankruptcy of Commodore but AmigaOS lives on.

MacOS 2.x

Circa: 1985

System 2 was an incremental improvement over System 1 with a later release (2.1) offering the first hierarchical file system for the Mac along with support for the new external hard drives that were in high demand.

AppleTalk was also added to support the new Apple LaserWriter and to allow for networking Macs. Performance was found to be improved with the addition of more RAM on the “Fat Macs” with 512K and up.

Application Spotlight: PageMaker

Circa: 1985

The logical next step to word processing combined with a GUI was, in retrospect, personal or desktop publishing.
In 1985 that wasn’t nearly as obvious but a small company called Aldus provided Apple with the “killer app” their new Macintosh line needed: PageMaker - the world’s first desktop publishing program.

Brochures, newsletters, menus and all sorts of other print items could be made by mom and pop using this application and a LaserWriter without the need of a professional print shop.

An entire industry soon developed around the concept with applications for type management, image editing, clip-art and more springing up to meet the needs of a new breed of at-home graphic artists.

COMMENTS
avatarMissing a few

Ultima but no Wizardry?

AmigaOS but no GS/OS?

Where's Oregon Trail? 

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avatarOmissions

There are a few minor omissions in the article.  PC-DOS 4 was written, under license, by IBM.  It was the ONLY version of DOS that IBM wrote.  It was not the commercial success IBM had hoped due to pricing.Next, Internet Explorer was released several months after Windows 95, both of which are outside of the time frame discussed.  At the time Internet Explorer was released, it was only as a component of Microsoft Plus for Windows95. Internet Explorer did not become popular until it was made a free download in late 1996. Internet Explorer was not intergraded into the operating system until version 3.0, about the same time as Windows98 hit the market.

To address OS2 and WindowsNT question posed above, both are outside of the time frame being discussed and are irrelevant to this article.  However I do find it interesting that the original kernel for OS2 was written by Microsoft for IBM under a mutual marketing agreement.  An agreement IBM terminated.  Originally both WindowsNT and OS2 shared many features and were actually compatible with each others API.

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avatarWhere is OS/2?

I have to second that question. Without OS/2 Microsoft would probably still be running around calling Windows 3.1 an operating system, and Windows 7 would likely have DOS 22.2 running underneath of it in MAYBE 16 bit mode.

Not that stabbing IBM in the back wasn't the smartest move MS ever made. But come on do you really think MS would have hired Dave Cutler, of DEC VAX/VMS fame which is also notably absent, to build NT if they didn't have pressure to build a modren O.S.?

If you disagree then why are we still in 32 bit computing, why is 64 bit a red headed step child, and why does Windows still have all the stability of an alchohoic at his first A.A. meeting?

 

VaMage

American by Birth, But Southern by the Grace of God.

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avatarWhere is OS/2?

If you are going to put all of this "classic" software in there, where is OS/2?

 And for that matter, perhaps I missed it, but Microsoft Basic should be in there, along with Turbo Pascal, and 123.  123 revolutionized business in the 80's, and how many people learned programming with Turbo Pascal?

 

Looking at people talking about their first computer - my personal first PC was the Radio Shack Color Computer (still have it in a box after 27 years).  But the first system I used was a TRS-80 Model 2.  Our school's PC had 4 500kb 8" floppy drives, and I used it to store our school's football stats on, back in 1981.

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avatarMy First computer was Packard bell

The first computer i got was packard bell that came bundled with windows 3.1 and later i upgraded it to windows 95 and then i upgraded to the Compaq presario in 1998,  the packard bell although it was old was a great computer up until its death just after getting the compaq, to this day i still dont know why it stopped working, the compaq on the other hand was much faster and was bundled with windows 98, later upgraded to ME (that was a mistake and went back 98 with much relief!) the computer was much crappier when running games but surfing the internet and writing CD's and playing music was great on it, i later upgraded it to windows xp just to see how it would run, the computer had a pentium 3 and it ran xp well and i upgraded the video card and it was finnaly a great computer and with more ram with the maximum of 768MB SDRAM and a upgraded 40GB IDE HDD it was a badass of its day, but i had already upgraded to a DELL Dimension 2XXX something it had a pentium 4 and it was a great computer that ended up dying right after the warranty ended.. a quick buy after that was my first AMD Computer which was a HP Pavilion, i was going to go with a Compaq but found out they had become crappy and taken over by HP, the HP works today as a Media center pc with a 512mb AGP graphics, vista, 1gb ddr ram and a 500GB Hard drive and a wireless card, i then upgraded to my first APPLE, it was a macbook, intel, i had used at work an ibook g4 but it really wasnt mine, i loved using it but didnt think it would work with my gaming, video editing, drafting... the new macbook or was new macbook had proved me wrong by letting me run windows for my drafting and gaming... on the desktop end i have now a gateway DX4200-09 a second AMD computer with a quad-core processing power... my next upgrade will be to a mac pro in a year thats if thats its name a year from now, i'm moving to mac because its becoming easier to use and i dont like the way windows is moving and i wont dare to use linux again, my media center is due to change to a mac mini in a month or two... i like windows 7 and am using it now because i couldnt stand the vista it came with and dont really want to go back to xp....

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avatarMy first box was an Acer

My first box was an Acer 486SX running at 20MHz (33MHz if you pushed the "Turbo" button). I forget how much RAM I had but the HDD was 83.5MiB and had MS-DOS 6.22 and Windows for Workgroups 3.1 running on it (a configuration I emulate in VirtualPC for nostalgia).

.: vires et honos :.

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avatarPricing

How much did this hardware, software, and OSes originally cost?

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avatarKinda makes me feel old

My first computer was a Heath H89 with a 2 Mhz Z80, 32k of RAM and a SSSD 5-1/4" Floppy disk drive that held 100K per disk. I built it from a kit that was much more complicated than the component level builds I do today. Soldering skills were an absolute necessity. I eventually upgraded it to a 4 Mhz Z-80, (again soldering skills required), 64K of RAM and a different floppy controller with external drives that allowed me to store 720K per disk. This upgrade allowed me to run CP/M 2.2 rather than the proprietary HDOS that came with the system. Heath eventually came out with a 10 meg. hard drive upgrade that cost $3000, which was way too pricey for me. I built the system in 1981 and used it until 1990 when I donated it to a church in Iowa. But before doing so I played the game Adventure through to the end several times. Not to mention Dungeons and Dragons.

One of the annoyances of CP/M was that any time you swapped disks, you had to do a Ctrl-C or you would get an error when you tried to read the new disk. But if you were interested in writing custom applications you had everything you needed to do so. It came with an assembler, Microsoft BASIC and there was also a Pascal compiler available for $$49.95 called Turbo Pascal. I did several programs in Turbo Pascal and wrote several articles for a magazine entitled Sextant Magazine sharing my software gems. Using Turbo Pascal I could include in line assemby code that would access directly video memory directly. This increased execuation speeds exponentially.

But alas I am rambling too far down memory lane. I find myself on a maze of twisty little passages all alike. Or is it a twisty little maze of passages all alike?

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avatarWow.  In 1994, when I

Wow.  In 1994, when I thought I wanted to be an engineer, I had a TurboPascal course.  Fun times...

 

 

This is a hybrid. This is a cross, ah, of Bluegrass, Kentucky
Bluegrass, Featherbed Bent, and Northern California Sensemilia. The
amazing stuff about this is, that you can play 36 holes, take it home and just get stoned to the bejeezus belt

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avatarMy first exposure to a real

My first exposure to a real computer was at a buddy's in the early 80's: He had a Radio Shack computer, probably running an 8080. He showed me Adventure, which was like something out of Star Trek at the time. I couldn't believe you could communicate with a machine like that. I was hooked.

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avatarWindoze 3.11

Wow, I still have my original Windows 3.11 install floppies to this day. Gosh those were the days!

 

RT
DIV P {
MARGIN: 0px
}
www.be-anonymous.tk

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avatarEarly Years Of Software

When I was in the Air Force in the early years of the 80's, I worked with CP/M, using WordStar as a text editor to write programs using DBase II.  Later, used Clipper to compile the code to create stand along executables.  And when we received PC clones, using MS-DOS, we used the DBase III and ported our code over to run on those systems.

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avatarI remember PC-DOS on my PC-XT

This may be too much information but when I see pictures of an IBM PC I have to reminisce back to my computer camp days in Modus Connecticut.  I spent two sessions (i.e. 4 weeks) at a computer camp when I was early teens.  That computer camp occupied a retreat for a few months that was patronized by dignitary's children from world wide countries.  At that camp we learned to program IBM Basic and Apple Pascal on apple II, II+ and IIe.  What was it...Zork the narrative game of choice back then?  Our camp wrote a game for that as a project.  Lightning did strike a tree right out side of my cabin.  In any case, I may have the original IBM manuals shown in the article in addition to the Lotus manuals from back then.  Ah, childhood days.

Yikes how lame...I even have a fully functional Summit K08 LED digital calculator from 1971 that my dad gave to me.  You turn the dial to increase the significant digits.  And it is rechargeable, even back then. 

If you liked the Elegant Universe by Brian Greene, you'll love the Endless Universe- Beyond the big bang theory by Paul Steinhardt and Neil Turok.

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avatarWolf 3D

A very good series of articles, but as for Wolfenstein 3D... Did ID popularize the FPS? Undoubtedly. Did they create it? Undoubtedly...not. Battlezone (for the arcades) predated Wolf 3D by 11 years in the arcades, and I don't think even that was the first (gaming from a first-person perspective has existed since at least Atari's Night Driver).

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avatarDifferent

There is a difference, Battlezone was just some green lines and you were in a tank.  It's still a first person shooter, but to me (and probably not to everyone) a First Person Shooter is spent more on foot.  Like I said though, if it is a first person viewpoint AND you're shooting things or projecting something it's an FPS.  I just never really think of Mechwarrior as an FPS is all.  Wolf really brought the FPS into the limelight because it was done right.  They used ray casting for developing the game that really changed the face of it all.  If you're going to get all technical about it you could pick out Flight Simulator and even some earlier games that were FP viewpoints.  Though Wolfenstein, by the way they had developed it, really did enhance and popularize the FPS.

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avatarso thisNight Driver was a

so thisNight Driver was a First Person SHOOTER as well?

 

------------------------------
Coming soon to Lulu.com --Tokusatsu Heroes--
Five teenagers, one alien ghost, a robot, and the fate of the world.

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avatarNight Driver

Didn't say it was...I just said it was gaming from the first person perspective. Battlezone WAS an FPS, however. But I recall hearing about an earlier FPS (I just don't remember the name of it, however).

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avatarmore visually sexier That

more visually sexier

That sentence couldn't be more wronger.

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